NOUN CLAUSE
A dependent clause that functions as
a noun (that is, as a subject, object, or complement) within a sentence. Also known as a nominal clause.
Two common types of noun clause in
English are that-clauses and wh-clauses:
- that-clause : I believe that everything happens for a reason
- wh-clause : How do I
know what I think, until I see what I say
A noun clause has a subject and
verb and functions as a noun. A noun clause is a dependent clause or subordinate clause and is not a
complete sentence. It must be connected to an independent clause. Noun clauses usually begin with how, that, what, whatever, when, where, which, who, whoever, or why.
- A noun clause is a dependent
clause
EXAMPLE:
o
He knows where I live.
This complete sentence has an independent clause with the main subject (He) and verb (knows). Where I live is a dependent clause called a noun clause connected to an independent clause (He knows).
This complete sentence has an independent clause with the main subject (He) and verb (knows). Where I live is a dependent clause called a noun clause connected to an independent clause (He knows).
-
A noun clause has its own subject and verb.
EXAMPLE:
o
What Billy did
shocked his friends.
o
He knows where I live.
In this example, the noun clause is where I live. I is the subject of the noun clause; live is the verb of the noun clause.
In this example, the noun clause is where I live. I is the subject of the noun clause; live is the verb of the noun clause.
- A noun clause can be used as a subject.
EXAMPLES:
o
What you said doesn’t convince me at all.
o
How he becomes so rich makes people
curious.
o
What the salesman has said is untrue.
o
That the world is round is a fact.
o
What she
sang was a Hungarian folk song.
What she sang is a noun clause, and is also the subject of the sentence. The noun clause has its own subject she and the verb sang.
What she sang is a noun clause, and is also the subject of the sentence. The noun clause has its own subject she and the verb sang.
- A noun clause can be used as an object.
EXAMPLE:
o
Billy’s friends didn’t know that he
couldn’t swim.
o
I saw what
he did.
The noun clause is what he did. It is used as the object of the verb saw.
The noun clause is what he did. It is used as the object of the verb saw.
- A noun clause can be a subject complement:
EXAMPLE:
o
Billy’s mistake was that he refused
to take lessons.
-
A noun clause can be used as the object of a preposition.
EXAMPLE:
o
Mary is not responsible for what
Billy did.
o
I always paid attention to what my
father said.
In the example, what my father said is a noun clause. It is used as the object of the preposition to.
In the example, what my father said is a noun clause. It is used as the object of the preposition to.
-
A noun clause can start with a question
word.
EXAMPLE:
o
I don't know where my bunch of keys
is.
The noun clause is where my bunch of keys is.
The noun clause is where my bunch of keys is.
- A noun clause can begin with if or whether
EXAMPLE:
o
Whether she can drive the car doesn't concern
me
o
I don't know whether or not she will
accept my proposal of marriage.
The noun clause: whether or not she will accept my proposal of marriage.
The noun clause: whether or not she will accept my proposal of marriage.
- We can begin a noun clause with that.
EXAMPLE:
o
My mother-in-law insists that the
world is oval.
That the world is oval is the noun clause.
That the world is oval is the noun clause.
Look at the following sentences.
o
He expected to get a prize.
o
He expected that he would get a prize.
In the first sentence the group of words ‘to get a prize’
does not have a subject and a predicate. This group of word does the work of a
noun. Whereas in the second sentence, the group of words ‘that he would get a
prize’ has both a subject and a predicate. Here this group of words does the
work of a noun. This is a clause. This clause is the object of the verb EXPECT
and so does the work of a noun. Since this group of words does the works of
both a noun and a clause, it is called
NOUN CLAUSE.
Definition:
A Noun-Clause is a group of words which contains a Subject and a Predicate of its own and does the work of a noun.
EXAMPLES:
NOUN CLAUSE.
Definition:
A Noun-Clause is a group of words which contains a Subject and a Predicate of its own and does the work of a noun.
EXAMPLES:
o
I often wonder how you are getting on with
him.
o
He feared that he would fail.
o
They replied that they would come to this
town.
o
Do you know who stole the watch?
o
I thought that it would be fine day.
o
I did not know what he would do next.
o
How the budget got in is a mystery.
o
Pay careful attention to what I am going to
say.
o
I do not understand how all it happened.
The Noun-Clauses can be replaced
with suitable Nouns or with suitable Noun-Phrases.
o
No one knows when he will come.
(Noun-Clauses)
o
No one knows the time of his coming.
(Noun-Phrases)
o
I heard that he had succeeded.
(Noun-Clauses)
o
I heard of his success. (Noun-Phrases)
o
We will never know why he failed.
(Noun-Clauses)
o
We will never know the reason for his failure.
(Noun-Phrases)
o
The law will punish whosoever is guilty.
(Noun-Clause)
o
The law will punish the guilty. (Noun)
o
The police want to know where he
is living. (Noun-Clauses)
o
The police want to know his
residence. (Noun)
Subjunctive in Noun Clauses
We use subjunctive verbs in sentences to express or stress wishes, importance or urgency. A subjunctive verb is used in noun clauses beginning with that. It uses the simple form of a verb, and does not have present, past, or future forms. It is neither singular nor plural.
EXAMPLES:
o
The leader demands that we be early for the trip.
o
We insisted that he honour the terms of the agreement.
o
The father recommended that she not go to the cinema alone.
o
It is important that everyone be told the truth.
o
His mother suggested that he see/should see a
doctor.
o
Alex thinks that Mary is ill.
o
Bob told me that he had finished breakfast.
o
Henry says that Jack is very busy.
o
He insists that there is a mistake.
o
He complained to his friend that his wife
couldn't cook.
EXERCISES :
Change
the questions to a noun clause.
1. What time is it?
I would like to know
____________________________________________________.
2. Why don’t they
like go traveling?
__________________________________________________
is a mystery.
3. Who left open
the door of the bathroom?
He doesn’t saw ________________________________________________________.
4. Who is the lady
in the white dress?
I wonder to know
______________________________________________________.
5. Whose
motorcycle is this?
Does he know
_______________________________________________________?
6. What time did
the train arrive?
She would like to know
_______________________________________________.
7. How much cost
the magazine?
Tami didn’t ask
______________________________________________________.
8. Which one is
the capital of Indonesia?
_______________________________ was
the question that the teacher made.
9. When is Kartini’s
day?
Melissa doesn’t remember
____________________________________________.
10. Why she couldn’t take the
bus on time?
Her father can understand ___________________________________________.
ANSWERS KEY
1. What time
is it?
I would like to know what time
it is.
2. Why don’t they
like go traveling?
Why they don’t like go traveling is a mystery.
3. Who left open
the door of the bathroom?
He doesn’t saw who the door of
the bathroom left open.
4. Who is the lady
in the white dress?
I wonder to know who the lady
in the white dress is.
5. Whose
motorcycle is this?
Does he know whose motorcycle
this is?
6. What time did
the train arrive?
She would like to know what
time the train arrived.
7. How much cost
the magazine?
Tami didn’t ask how much the
magazine cost.
8. Which one is
the capital of Indonesia?
Which one the capital of Indonesia
is, was the
question that the teacher made.
9. When is Kartini’s
day?
Melissa doesn’t remember when
Kartini’s day is.
10. Why she couldn’t take the
bus on time?
Her father can understand why she couldn’t the bus
on time take.
CONJUNCTIONS
The part of speech (or word class) that serves to connect words, phrases,
clauses, or sentences. The common conjunctions--and, but, for, or, nor, yet,
and so--join the elements of a coordinate structure. In grammar, a conjunction
(abbreviated CONJ
or CNJ)
is a part of speech that connects two words, sentences, phrases or clauses
together. A discourse connective is a conjunction joining sentences. This definition may overlap with that of other parts of speech, so what constitutes a "conjunction" must be defined for each language. In general, a conjunction is an invariable grammatical particle, and it may or may not stand between the items it conjoins. The definition may also be extended to idiomatic phrases that behave as a unit with the same function as a single-word conjunction (as well as, provided that, etc.). Many students are taught that certain conjunctions (such as "and", "but", and "so") should not begin sentences, although authorities such as the Chicago Manual of Style proclaim that this teaching has "no historical or grammatical foundation.
Types
of Conjunctions
- Correlative conjunctions
1.
Coordinating
Conjunction
Coordinating conjunctions, also called coordinators, are conjunctions that
join two or more items of equal syntactic importance, such as words, main
clauses, or sentences. In English the mnemonic acronym FANBOYS can be
used to remember the coordinators for, and, nor, but,
or, yet, and so. These are not the only coordinating
conjunctions; various others are used, including. "and nor" (British), "but
nor" (British), "or nor" (British), "neither"
("They don't gamble; neither do they smoke"), "no more"
("They don't gamble; no more do they smoke"), and "only"
("Iwould go, only I don't have time").
EXAMPLES:
- For presents a
reason ("He is gambling with his health, for he has been smoking far
too long.").
- And presents
non-contrasting item(s) or idea(s) ("They gamble, and they
smoke.").
- Nor presents a
non-contrasting negative idea ("They do not gamble, nor do they
smoke.").
- But presents a
contrast or exception ("They gamble, but they don't smoke.").
- Or presents
an alternative item or idea ("Every day, they gamble or they
smoke.").
- Yet presents a
contrast or exception ("They gamble, yet they don't smoke.").
- So presents a
consequence ("He gambled well last night, so he smoked a cigar to
celebrate.").
as . . . as
just as . . . so
the more . . . the less
the more . . . the more
no sooner . . . than
so . . . as
whether . . . or
2.
Subordinating
Conjunction
Subordinating conjunctions, also called subordinators, are conjunctions that
conjoin an independent clause and a dependent clause. Complementizers can be
considered to be special subordinating conjunctions that introduce complement
clauses (e.g., "I wonder whether he'll be late. I hope that
he'll be on time"). Some subordinating conjunctions (until and while),
when used to introduce a phrase instead of a full clause, become prepositions
with identical meanings.In many verb-final languages, subordinate clauses must precede the main clause on which they depend. The equivalents to the subordinating conjunctions of non-verb-final languages such as English are either.
Such languages in fact often lack conjunctions as a part of speech because:
- the form of
the verb used is formally nominalised and cannot occur in an independent
clause
- the
clause-final conjunction or suffix attached to the verb is actually
formally a marker of case and is also used on nouns to indicate certain
functions. In this sense, the subordinate clauses of these languages have
much in common with postpositional phrases.
Common Subordinating Conjunctions
o
Cause
as, because, in order that, since, so that
as, because, in order that, since, so that
o
Concession and Comparison
although, as, as though, even though, just as, though, where as, while
although, as, as though, even though, just as, though, where as, while
o
Condition
even if, if, in case, provided that, unless
even if, if, in case, provided that, unless
o
Place
where, wherever
where, wherever
o
Time
after, as soon as, as long as, before, once, still, till, until, when, whenever, while
EXAMPLES: after, as soon as, as long as, before, once, still, till, until, when, whenever, while
o
He must be punished because he
is guilty.
o
He was not punished though he
was guilty.
o
He
goes home because he is ill.
o
You will not get the prize unless
you deserve it.
o
It has
been a year since I saw him.
o
waited
for him until the clock struck seven.
3.
Correlative Conjunction
Correlative
conjunctions work in pairs to join words and groups of words of equal weight in
a sentence. There are six different pairs of correlative conjunctions:
1) either...or2) not only...but also
3) neither...nor (or increasingly neither...or)
4) both...and
5) whether...or
6) just as...so
EXAMPLES:
- You either
do your work or prepare for a trip to the office.
- Not only is he
handsome, but he is also brilliant.
- Neither the
basketball team nor the football team is doing well.
- Both the cross
country team and the swimming team are doing well.
- Whether you stay or
go is your decision.
- Just as many
Americans love football, so many Canadians love ice hockey.
EXERCISES:
Fill in the blanks with appropriate conjunctions.
1.
He is not ………………. handsome as his brother.
2.
A fool …………… his money are soon parted.
3.
He worked hard ……………… he might pass the examination.
4.
Give every man thy ear, ……………… few thy voice.
5.
Hardly had he reached the platform ……………….. the train
arrived.
6.
No sooner did he see the tiger ………………. he fainted
7.
You cannot be a lawyer ………..you have
a law degree
8.
That was years …….. years ago.
- I
saw him leaving an hour ……..five ago.
10. She
has not called………she left last month.
ANSWERS KEY:
1.
He is not so handsome as his brother.
2.
A fool and his money are soon parted.
3.
He worked hard that he might pass the
examination.
4.
Give everyman thy ear, but few thy
voice.
5.
Hardly had he reached the platform when
the train arrived.
6.
No sooner did he see the tiger than he
fainted.
7.
You cannot be a lawyer unless
you have a law degree.
8.
That was years and years ago.
9.
I saw him leaving an hour or five
ago.
10. She
has not called since she left last month
SOURCE :
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