Melta Oktora: Maret 2015

CONDITIONAL SENTENCE

Conditional sentence adalah complex sentence (kalimat majemuk) yang dibentuk dari subordinate clause yang diawali dengan subordinate conjunction if berupa condition (syarat) dan main clause berupa result/consequence (hasil).

Ada 4 tipe conditional sentence yang biasa digunakan, yaitu: tipe 1, tipe 2, tipe 3, dan tipe 0. Condition pada conditional sentence tipe 1 mungkin dipenuhi, tipe 2 tidak atau hampir tidak mungkin dipenuhi, tipe 3 tidak mungkin dipenuhi (unreal), sedangkan tipe 0 selalu terwujud karena merupakan scientific fact/kebenaran ilmiah. Kali ini hanya 3 tipe dari conditional sentence yang akan dibahas yaitu tipe 1,2, dan 3.

Conditional Sentence (Kalimat pengandaian) adalah kalimat yang digunakan untuk menyatakan sesuatu yang mungkin terjadi atau mungkin tidak terjadi seperti yang diharapkan. Kalimat pengandaian terdiri atas dua bagian, yaitu man clause (induk kalimat) dan if clause (anak kalimat). Dalam if clause terkandung syarat-syarat yang harus dipenuhi agar keadaan seperti terkandung dalam main clause dapat terwujud. Oleh karena itu, conditional sentences disebut juga kalimat bersyarat. Conditional Sentences atau kalimat pengandaian terdiri dari dua jenis yaitu real conditional (nyata) dan unreal/ contrary to fact (tidak nyata).

Conditional sentences pada umumnya memiliki ciri-ciri sebagai berikut:

a. digunakannya kata if dalam anak kalimat (subordinate clause). Karena clause ini diawali oleh if maka disebut if clause.

b. digunakannya modal auxiliary, seperti will, can, may, must, would, could, might, etc. pada pokok kalimat (main clause).

Conditional Sentences are also known as Conditional Clauses or If Clauses. They are used to express that the action in the main clause (without if) can only take place if a certain condition (in the clause with if) is fulfilled. There are three types of Conditional Sentences.

1. Conditional Sentence Type 1

It is possible and also very likely that the condition will be fulfilled.

· Form :

if + Simple Present, will-Future

Example : If I find her address, I’ll send her an invitation.

The main clause can also be at the beginning of the sentence. In this case, don't use a comma.

Example: I will send her an invitation if I find her address.

· Note:

Main clause and / or if clause might be negative. See Simple Present und will-Future on how to form negative sentences.

Example: If I don’t see him this afternoon, I will phone him in the evening.

· Use :

Conditional Sentences Type I refer to the future. An action in the future will only happen if a certain condition is fulfilled by that time. We don't know for sure whether the condition actually will be fulfilled or not, but the conditions seems rather realistic – so we think it is likely to happen.

Example: If I find her address, I’ll send her an invitation.

I want to send an invitation to a friend. I just have to find her address. I am quite sure, however, that I will find it.

Example: If John has the money, he will buy a Ferrari.

I know John very well and I know that he earns a lot of money and that he loves Ferraris. So I think it is very likely that sooner or later he will have the money to buy a Ferrari.

2. Conditional Sentence Type 2

It is possible but very unlikely, that the condition will be fulfilled.

· Form:

if + Simple Past, Conditional I (= would + Infinitive)

Example: If I found her address, I would send her an invitation.

The main clause can also be at the beginning of the sentence. In this case, don't use a comma.

Example: I would send her an invitation if I found her address.

· Note:

Main clause and / or if clause might be negative. See Simple Past und Conditional I on how to form negative sentences.

Example: If I had a lot of money, I wouldn’t stay here.

· Were instead of Was :

In IF Clauses Type II, we usually use ‚were‘ – even if the pronoun is I, he, she or it –.

Example: If I were you, I would not do this.

· Use :

Conditional Sentences Type II refer to situations in the present. An action could happen if the present situation were different. I don't really expect the situation to change, however. I just imagine „what would happen if …“

Example: If I found her address, I would send her an invitation.

I would like to send an invitation to a friend. I have looked everywhere for her address, but I cannot find it. So now I think it is rather unlikely that I will eventually find her address.

Example: If John had the money, he would buy a Ferrari.

I know John very well and I know that he doesn't have much money, but he loves Ferraris. He would like to own a Ferrari (in his dreams). But I think it is very unlikely that he will have the money to buy one in the near future.

3. Conditional Sentence Type 3

It is impossible that the condition will be fulfilled because it refers to the past.

Form:

if + Past Perfect, Conditional II (= would + have + Past Participle)

Example: If I had found her address, I would have sent her an invitation.

The main clause can also be at the beginning of the sentence. In this case, don't use a comma.

Example: I would have sent her an invitation if I had found her address.

· Note:

Main clause and / or if clause might be negative. See Past Perfect and Conditional II on how to form negative sentences.

Example: If I hadn’t studied, I wouldn’t have passed my exams.

· Use :

Conditional Sentences Type III refer to situations in the past. An action could have happened in the past if a certain condition had been fulfilled. Things were different then, however. We just imagine, what would have happened if the situation had been fulfilled.

Example: If I had found her address, I would have sent her an invitation.

Sometime in the past, I wanted to send an invitation to a friend. I didn't find her address, however. So in the end I didn't send her an invitation.

Example: If John had had the money, he would have bought a Ferrari.

I knew John very well and I know that he never had much money, but he loved Ferraris. He would have loved to own a Ferrari, but he never had the money to buy one.

A. FIRST CONDITIONAL

1. Susunan

If + S + V1, S + will + V1 + O

Contoh :

a. If it rains tomorrow, will you stay at home?

(Jika besok hujan, apakah kamu akan diam di rumah?)

2. Makna

Kalimat dalam konstruksi ini berarti mungkin benar-benar terjadi jika syratnya terpenuhi. Oleh karena itu, makna kalimat ini disebut sebagai possibility (kemungkinan). Pemaknaan kalimat pada tipe ini dapat disusun sebagai berikut :

S + may + V1 + that + S + may + V1 + O

Dalam pola susunan tersebut, kalimat-kalimat contoh di atas dapat diuraikan maknanya menjadi berikut :

a. It may rain tomorrow, may you stay at home?

B. SECOND CONDITIONAL

1. Susunan

If + S + V2, S + would + V1 + O

Contoh :
a. If I married Rania, I would be happy.
(Jika saya menikah dengan Rania, Saya akan senang.)

2. Makna

Apa yang dikatakan dalam induk kalimat tidak pernah terjadi karena syarat yang dikatakan dalam anak kalimat tidak terpenuhi. Oleh karena itu, kalimat ini disebut sebagai Unreal Present. Tenses untuk makna kalimatnya berubah dan polanya disusun sebagai berikut :

S + don’t/doesn’t + V + that + S + will not + V1 + O

Dalam pola susunan tersebut, kalimat-kalimat contoh di atas dapat diuraikan maknanya menjadi berikut :

a. I don't marry Rania that I am not happy.

C. THIRD CONDITIONAL

1. Susunan

If + S + had + V3, S + would have + V3 + O

Contoh :
a. If I had seen Diana, I would have told her.
(Jika saya bertemu Diana, saya akan mengatakan padanya.)

2. Makna

Apa yang dikatakan dalam induk kalimat tidak pernah terjadi karena kalimat syarat yang dikatakan dalam anak kalimat tidak pernah terpenuhi. Karena dinyatakan dalam bentuk Past Tense, kalimat ini disebut sebagai Unreal Past. Tenses untuk makna kalimatnya juga berubah :

S + didn’t + V1 + that + S + would not + V1 + O

Dalam pola susunan tersebut, kalimat-kalimat contoh di atas dapat diuraikan maknanya menjadi berikut :

a. I didn't see Diana that I would not tell her.

Negatif if + condition

Rumus: if…not dapat digantikan dengan unless.

Dengan menggunakan rumus negatif if, contoh conditional sentence seperti di bawah ini.