Selasa, 24 April 2012

TULISAN (SOFTSKIL/BAHASA INGGRIS)


SAVE AND LOVE THE EARTH
Planet earth is ranked fourth in the solar system that has the privilege of living as a place to live because it has warm temperatures and abundant water. Earth the only planet that is friendly and wonderful with a lot of ocean and land in which there are many great natural charm. But the Earth was getting older, many natural phenomena and natural disasters such as floods, landslides, mudslides and even the events that occurred in Sidoarjo, East Java.
This occurs due to the nature of damage caused by most of the human hand, one of which became the talk of the world is the issue of global warming is a process of increasing the average temperature of the atmosphere, oceans and the Earth's land because the sun emits radiation to penetrate the layers of Earth's atmosphere . Radiation will be reflected back into space, but most of the wave is absorbed by greenhouse gases, namely CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, and SF4 in the atmosphere. As a result the wave trapped in the Earth's atmosphere. This event occurs repeatedly, causing the average temperature at the earth's surface increases. This event is often referred to as global warming., Global average temperature at Earth's surface has risen 0.74 ° C ± 0:18 (1:33 ± 0:32 ° F) during the last hundred years. most of the increase in global average temperatures since the mid-20th century is most likely caused by increased concentrations of greenhouse gases due to human activities.

And some of the causes of global warming due to human activities such as:
1.      Population increases,
2.      Industrial activities and technologies that increase
3.      Human behavior that does not care about the cleanliness of the environment such as     littering, use of water, electricity other danenergy excessive use of household appliances co2 level is high, rarely clean environment, and so on.
4.      Increased human activity as it is now a private vehicle users increases, it causes more and more CO2 gas produced, giving rise to air pollution, in addition to human-generated smoke can also cause air pollution
5.      Waste of energy, Indonesia including the wearing of the energy industry because indonesi including state
6.      Damage to forests from illegal deforestation by humans
7.      Lack of green areas and city parks that serve as the lungs of the city, is caused by a number of developments or residential buildings in major cities.
8.      Of agricultural and livestock activities also produce greenhouse gas emissions through the flooded rice fields that produce methane gas, fertilizer use and agricultural practices, crop residue burning, and decomposition of manure can produce dinitro oxide gas.
9.      Garbage and waste, human waste generated each day will accumulate and produce methane gas, and waste resulting from industrial activities was a major threat to global warming.
10.  Use of electronic equipment that could lead to global warming such as air conditioning, television, and even communication tools such as mobile phones, etc.

All of this is the greatest cause that triggers the increase in global warming, we as human beings created by God as a vicegerent on earth should be more concerned with the environment and care for our earth, because nature is now no longer friendly to men so many natural disasters and natural phenomena that occur generated due to the impact of global warming.

Some effects of global warming include:
1.      Rising temperatures in the Earth causes the melting of ice at the north pole, south pole, the Arctic and Alaska.
2.      The increased volume of water in the sea, so that sea level rise, and this leads to:
       • marine ecosystem is reduced due to the many species of fish and coral bleaching.
       • Rising sea levels resulting in the loss of small islands in Indonesia
       • Fish production and decreased udanga
       • The deteriorating quality of ground water due to mixing with sea water uptake.
       • Damage to urban infrastructure due to sea water flooded
3.      Extreme climate changes resulted in a high-intensity rainfall in a short time and a long dry season, when the weather is unpredictable
4.      Deforestation causes flora and fauna in the forest become increasingly less
5.      In the agricultural sector to climate change caused extreme delays harvest, crop failure due to floods or drought. Agricultural output was deteriorating and for national food is reduced.
6.      The more diseases that arise mainly in tropical countries such as disease (malaria, dengue, and ISPA)
7.      Crisis of water and electricity energy crisis
8.      Occurred several natural disasters such as floods, landslides, tropical storms such as hurricane winds and tornadoes white.
9.      Abrasion occurs on the shoreline and erosion in forests
10.  In the economic field resulted in rising fuel prices and food prices more expensive


This impact could worsen if we as humans do not make changes to this earth, do from now on do not just look forward to the government, global warming is a common problem to be solved. It's time to get together to reduce global warming even done a little thing but the benefits are great, and we can do to reduce global warming by:
1.      Conserve electricity:
      • Turn off the lights and electricity when not needed
      • Turn off the television, rice heater, radio, ac, if not used
      • Do not be too long to open the refrigerator door
      • Do not forget to unplug the cable if it is charging the battery
      • Do not be too long to use electronic means
      • Use energy-saving electronics
2.       Conserve water, use water as necessary so as not to waste
3.       Reusing items can still be used:
      • Using plastic bags / paper bags from the house to shop
      • Buy products that can be refilled
      • Use old newspapers for packing of goods
4.       Reduce household waste, reduce consumption of fast food.
5.       Recycle:
      • Use old bottles to make vases,
      • Use tin cans to make a place to save money
      • Use kitchen waste and decaying leaves to make compost
      • Separate the organic and inorganic waste
      • Use items that can be used dikreasikan be selling goods that have value
6.      Go for replanting (reforestation) in the home environment, and planting trees on vacant land. Trees can absorb CO2 gas and produce O2 gas
7.      Take advantage of public transportation as a means of everyday transport it can reduce air pollution
8.      Reduce smoking, because smoke can cause air pollution
9.      Avoid the use of perfume spray because it can reduce the ozone layer
10.  Reduce the use of peptisida in plants

There are many ways that we can do to reduce global warming, may I give a solution that could be useful for all people, begin to apply this now at home and do these little things because the benefits are great for the environment, do not wait until the earth is actually destroyed, because there are future generations who inherit this earth and its contents. Save our beloved earth, if not now, when? If not us, who else?

TUGAS 2 SOFTSKIL (BAHASA INGGRIS)


NOUN CLAUSE
A dependent clause that functions as a noun (that is, as a subject, object, or complement) within a sentence. Also known as a nominal clause.
Two common types of noun clause in English are that-clauses and wh-clauses:
  • that-clause : I believe that everything happens for a reason 
  • wh-clause  : How do I know what I think, until I see what I say
A noun clause has a subject and verb and functions as a noun. A noun clause is a dependent clause or subordinate clause and is not a complete sentence. It must be connected to an independent clause. Noun clauses usually begin with how, that, what, whatever, when, where, which, who, whoever, or why.

  •   A noun clause is a dependent clause

EXAMPLE:
o   He knows where I live.
This complete sentence has an independent clause with the main subject (He) and verb (knows). Where I live is a dependent clause called a noun clause connected to an independent clause (He knows).


  •     A noun clause has its own subject and verb.

EXAMPLE:
o   What Billy did shocked his friends.
o   He knows where I live.
In this example, the noun clause is where I live. I is the subject of the noun clause; live is the verb of the noun clause.


  •   A noun clause can be used as a subject.

EXAMPLES:
o   What you said doesn’t convince me at all.
o   How he becomes so rich makes people curious.
o   What the salesman has said is untrue.
o   That the world is round is a fact.
o   What she sang was a Hungarian folk song.
What she sang is a noun clause, and is also the subject of the sentence. The noun clause has its own subject she and the verb sang.


  •    A noun clause can be used as an object.

EXAMPLE:
o   Billy’s friends didn’t know that he couldn’t swim.
o   I saw what he did.
The noun clause is what he did. It is used as the object of the verb saw.

  •     A noun clause can be a subject complement:

EXAMPLE:
o   Billy’s mistake was that he refused to take lessons.


  •    A noun clause can be used as the object of a preposition.

            EXAMPLE:
o   Mary is not responsible for what Billy did.
o   I always paid attention to what my father said.
In the example, what my father said is a noun clause. It is used as the object of the preposition to.


  •     A noun clause can start with a question word.

EXAMPLE:
o   I don't know where my bunch of keys is.
The noun clause is where my bunch of keys is.
  •   A noun clause can begin with if or whether
EXAMPLE:
o    Whether she can drive the car doesn't concern me
o    I don't know whether or not she will accept my proposal of marriage.
The noun clause: whether or not she will accept my proposal of marriage.


  •   We can begin a noun clause with that.

EXAMPLE:
o   My mother-in-law insists that the world is oval.
That the world is oval is the noun clause.

     Look at the following sentences.

o    He expected to get a prize.
o    He expected that he would get a prize.

In the first sentence the group of words ‘to get a prize’ does not have a subject and a predicate. This group of word does the work of a noun. Whereas in the second sentence, the group of words ‘that he would get a prize’ has both a subject and a predicate. Here this group of words does the work of a noun. This is a clause. This clause is the object of the verb EXPECT and so does the work of a noun. Since this group of words does the works of both a noun and a clause, it is called
NOUN CLAUSE.
Definition:
A Noun-Clause is a group of words which contains a Subject and a Predicate of its own and does the work of a noun.

EXAMPLES:
o    I often wonder how you are getting on with him.
o    He feared that he would fail.
o    They replied that they would come to this town.
o    Do you know who stole the watch?
o    I thought that it would be fine day.
o    I did not know what he would do next.
o    How the budget got in is a mystery.
o    Pay careful attention to what I am going to say.
o    I do not understand how all it happened.

            The Noun-Clauses can be replaced with suitable Nouns or with suitable Noun-Phrases.

o    No one knows when he will come. (Noun-Clauses)
o    No one knows the time of his coming. (Noun-Phrases)

o    I heard that he had succeeded. (Noun-Clauses)
o    I heard of his success. (Noun-Phrases)

o    We will never know why he failed. (Noun-Clauses)
o    We will never know the reason for his failure. (Noun-Phrases)

o    The law will punish whosoever is guilty. (Noun-Clause)
o    The law will punish the guilty. (Noun)

o   The police want to know where he is living. (Noun-Clauses)
o   The police want to know his residence. (Noun) 



Subjunctive in Noun Clauses
We use subjunctive verbs in sentences to express or stress wishes, importance or urgency. A subjunctive verb is used in noun clauses beginning with that. It uses the simple form of a verb, and does not have present, past, or future forms. It is neither singular nor plural.
EXAMPLES:
o   The leader demands that we be early for the trip.
o   We insisted that he honour the terms of the agreement.
o   The father recommended that she not go to the cinema alone.
o   It is important that everyone be told the truth.
o    His mother suggested that he see/should see a doctor.
o    Alex thinks that Mary is ill.
o    Bob told me that he had finished breakfast.
o    Henry says that Jack is very busy.
o    He insists that there is a mistake.
o    He complained to his friend that his wife couldn't cook.

EXERCISES :
Change the questions to a noun clause.
1.   What time is it?
I would like to know ____________________________________________________.
2.    Why don’t they like go traveling?
__________________________________________________ is a mystery.
3.    Who left open the door of the bathroom?
He doesn’t saw ________________________________________________________.
4.    Who is the lady in the white dress?
I wonder to know ______________________________________________________. 
5.    Whose motorcycle is this?
Does he know _______________________________________________________?
6.    What time did the train arrive?
She would like to know _______________________________________________.
7.    How much cost the magazine?
Tami didn’t ask ______________________________________________________.
8.    Which one is the capital of Indonesia?
_______________________________ was the question that the teacher made.
9.    When is Kartini’s day?
Melissa doesn’t remember ____________________________________________.
10.  Why she couldn’t take the bus on time?
Her father can understand ___________________________________________.  

ANSWERS KEY
1.   What time is it?
I would like to know what time it is.
2.   Why don’t they like go traveling?
Why they don’t like go traveling is a mystery.
3.   Who left open the door of the bathroom?
He doesn’t saw who the door of the bathroom left open.
4.   Who is the lady in the white dress?
I wonder to know who the lady in the white dress is.
5.    Whose motorcycle is this?
 Does he know whose motorcycle this is?
6.    What time did the train arrive?
 She would like to know what time the train arrived.
7.   How much cost the magazine?
Tami didn’t ask how much the magazine cost.
8.   Which one is the capital of Indonesia?
Which one the capital of Indonesia is, was the question that the teacher made.
9.   When is Kartini’s day?
Melissa doesn’t remember when Kartini’s day is.
10. Why she couldn’t take the bus on time?
Her father  can understand why she couldn’t the bus on time take.

CONJUNCTIONS
The part of speech (or word class) that serves to connect words, phrases, clauses, or sentences. The common conjunctions--and, but, for, or, nor, yet, and so--join the elements of a coordinate structure. In grammar, a conjunction (abbreviated CONJ or CNJ) is a part of speech that connects two words, sentences, phrases or clauses together.
A discourse connective is a conjunction joining sentences. This definition may overlap with that of other parts of speech, so what constitutes a "conjunction" must be defined for each language. In general, a conjunction is an invariable grammatical particle, and it may or may not stand between the items it conjoins. The definition may also be extended to idiomatic phrases that behave as a unit with the same function as a single-word conjunction (as well as, provided that, etc.). Many students are taught that certain conjunctions (such as "and", "but", and "so") should not begin sentences, although authorities such as the Chicago Manual of Style proclaim that this teaching has "no historical or grammatical foundation.
Types of Conjunctions
  • Coordinating conjunctions
  • Subordinating conjunctions
  • Correlative conjunctions

1.      Coordinating Conjunction
Coordinating conjunctions, also called coordinators, are conjunctions that join two or more items of equal syntactic importance, such as words, main clauses, or sentences. In English the mnemonic acronym FANBOYS can be used to remember the coordinators for, and, nor, but, or, yet, and so. These are not the only coordinating conjunctions; various others are used, including.  "and nor" (British), "but nor" (British), "or nor" (British), "neither" ("They don't gamble; neither do they smoke"), "no more" ("They don't gamble; no more do they smoke"), and "only" ("Iwould go, only I don't have time").
EXAMPLES:
  • For presents a reason ("He is gambling with his health, for he has been smoking far too long.").
  • And presents non-contrasting item(s) or idea(s) ("They gamble, and they smoke.").
  • Nor presents a non-contrasting negative idea ("They do not gamble, nor do they smoke.").
  • But presents a contrast or exception ("They gamble, but they don't smoke.").
  • Or presents an alternative item or idea ("Every day, they gamble or they smoke.").
  • Yet presents a contrast or exception ("They gamble, yet they don't smoke.").
  • So presents a consequence ("He gambled well last night, so he smoked a cigar to celebrate.").
The elements connected by correlative conjunctions are usually parallel that is, similar in length and grammatical form. Other pairs that sometimes have a coordinating function include the following:
as . . . as
just as . . . so
the more . . . the less
the more . . . the more
no sooner . . . than
so . . . as
whether . . . or
2.      Subordinating Conjunction
Subordinating conjunctions, also called subordinators, are conjunctions that conjoin an independent clause and a dependent clause. Complementizers can be considered to be special subordinating conjunctions that introduce complement clauses (e.g., "I wonder whether he'll be late. I hope that he'll be on time"). Some subordinating conjunctions (until and while), when used to introduce a phrase instead of a full clause, become prepositions with identical meanings.
In many verb-final languages, subordinate clauses must precede the main clause on which they depend. The equivalents to the subordinating conjunctions of non-verb-final languages such as English are either.
Such languages in fact often lack conjunctions as a part of speech because:
  1. the form of the verb used is formally nominalised and cannot occur in an independent clause
  2. the clause-final conjunction or suffix attached to the verb is actually formally a marker of case and is also used on nouns to indicate certain functions. In this sense, the subordinate clauses of these languages have much in common with postpositional phrases.

Common Subordinating Conjunctions

o   Cause
as, because, in order that, since, so that
o   Concession and Comparison
although, as, as though, even though, just as, though, where as, while
o   Condition
even if, if, in case, provided that, unless
o   Place
where, wherever
o   Time
after, as soon as, as long as, before, once, still, till, until, when, whenever, while
EXAMPLES:
o   He must be punished because he is guilty.
o   He was not punished though he was guilty.
o   He goes home because he is ill.
o   You will not get the prize unless you deserve it.
o    It has been a year since I saw him.
o   waited for him until the clock struck seven.

3.      Correlative Conjunction
Correlative conjunctions work in pairs to join words and groups of words of equal weight in a sentence. There are six different pairs of correlative conjunctions:
1) either...or
2) not only...but also
3) neither...nor (or increasingly neither...or)
4) both...and
5) whether...or
6) just as...so

EXAMPLES:
  • You either do your work or prepare for a trip to the office.
  • Not only is he handsome, but he is also brilliant.
  • Neither the basketball team nor the football team is doing well.
  • Both the cross country team and the swimming team are doing well.
  • Whether you stay or go is your decision.
  • Just as many Americans love football, so many Canadians love ice hockey.

EXERCISES:
Fill in the blanks with appropriate conjunctions.
1.      He is not ………………. handsome as his brother.
2.      A fool …………… his money are soon parted.
3.      He worked hard ……………… he might pass the examination.
4.      Give every man thy ear, ……………… few thy voice.
5.      Hardly had he reached the platform ……………….. the train arrived.
6.      No sooner did he see the tiger ………………. he fainted
7.      You cannot be a lawyer ………..you have a law degree
8.      That was years …….. years ago.
  1.   I saw him leaving an hour ……..five ago.
10.  She has not called………she left last month.
ANSWERS KEY:
1.      He is not so handsome as his brother.
2.      A fool and his money are soon parted.
3.      He worked hard that he might pass the examination.
4.      Give everyman thy ear, but few thy voice.
5.      Hardly had he reached the platform when the train arrived.
6.      No sooner did he see the tiger than he fainted.
7.      You cannot be a lawyer unless you have a law degree.
8.      That was years and years ago.
9.      I saw him leaving an hour or five ago.
10.  She has not called since she left last month

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